Russia and Iran are ramping up threats to UK, spy chief warns

Threats to the U.K. from Russia and Iran and the danger posed by the Islamic State group have increased in recent months, according to the head of Britain’s domestic spy agency.

Ken McCallum, the director-general of MI5, said the security service face “stretched” resources as it grapples with the domestic fallout from Russia’s war in Ukraine, the conflict between Israel, Iran and its proxies in the Middle East as well as Islamist terror groups seeking to capitalize on the turmoil.

“The decisions MI5 has to take on allocating our finite capacity are harder than I can recall in my career,” McCallum said in a rare public speech at the U.K.’s Counter Terrorism Operations Centre in London on Tuesday. He cited Russia’s military intelligence service, the GRU, in particular as engaging in a “sustained mission to generate mayhem on British and European streets.”

The number of MI5 investigations focused on foreign state-based threats in the U.K. had increased by 48% in the last year, he said, adding that Iran was copying Russia’s tactics of paying criminals in Britain to carry out acts of aggression and intimidation. That activity had intensified in the last year and the Kremlin was finding ways to “adapt” its methods, McCallum said in response to a question from Bloomberg, adding he would provide details at a later date.

Since January 2022, MI5 had responded to 20 potentially lethal plots on British soil that were backed by the Iranian state, he said, noting that U.K. spies had seen “similarities” between Russian and Iranian efforts on hybrid warfare.

“If you take money from Iran, Russia or any other state to carry out illegal acts in the U.K., you will bring the full weight of the national security apparatus down on you,” he warned. “It’s a choice you’ll regret.”

McCallum also said the U.K. saw a “worsening threat” from al-Qaeda and Islamic State. Though neither is the force they once were, Islamic State in particular had “resumed efforts to export terrorism,” he said.

In the last month, more than a third of the MI5’s highest priority investigations were connected to overseas terror groups, he said. McCallum also said about one in eight people investigated for terror activity in the U.K. are under the age of 18, a statistic he described as “staggering.”

Britain’s overall terror threat level remains at “substantial,” meaning an attack is considered likely.

The MI5 chief spoke about the risk posed by China in the U.K., characterizing it as “different” to Russia and Iran, and something to be managed alongside economic ties with Beijing.

Businesses and academia should seek guidance from the government on how to ensure they were resilient against attempts by Chinese state-backed groups to obtain “valuable information,” he said. The U.K. and its allies “should expect further testing and in places defeating” of their cyber defenses, he added.

Commenting on the tension between companies offering end-to-end encryption and the needs of law enforcement to access criminals’ messaging, McCallum urged both sides to avoid “absolutist positions.”

The counter-terrorism agencies of the so-called Five Eyes Intelligence partners — the U.K., U.S., Australia, Canada and New Zealand — are working together at the London operations center, he said, describing it as something that “would have been unimaginable a generation ago.”