Major social media platforms and video streaming services that gather a "staggering" amount of data from its users have failed to protect young people and safeguard online privacy, the Federal Trade Commission said Thursday.

"These surveillance practices can endanger people's privacy, threaten their freedoms, and expose them to a host of harms, from identify theft to stalking," FTC Chair Lina Khan said in a statement. "Several firms' failure to adequately protect kids and teens online is especially troubling."

The agency, which is focused on protecting consumers and enforcing antitrust law, released a 129-page report that analyzes how some of the world's largest social media platforms including Instagram, TikTok and YouTube collect and use vast troves of data they gather from users. The findings highlight the mounting scrutiny online platforms face from regulators and lawmakers seeking to combat technology's potential harms as they become more deeply intertwined with people's daily lives.

Politicians and consumer advocates have long been critical of how companies such as Facebook compile information on users that is utilized to target ads at people based on their interests, location, gender and other information. There also has been alarm over how teens are grappling with the potential downsides of social media, including the sale of illegal drugs and comparing themselves with their peers.

The report stems from information the FTC ordered the largest social media and video streaming platforms to turn over in 2020. Those companies include Snap; Facebook, now Meta; Google-owned YouTube; Twitter, now X; ByteDance, which owns TikTok; Discord; Reddit; and Meta-owned WhatsApp.

The responses showed how companies collected information on unwitting consumers about household income, activities elsewhere on the Internet, their location and more. Tech platforms gather this data from ad tracking technology, data brokers and from users who engage with posts online, giving companies a glimpse into their interests. Some companies failed to delete data on people who had requested that they do so, the report said.

Even though most social media platforms require teens to be at least 13 to create accounts, people can easily lie about their age and the platforms collect data from teens in the same way they do for adults, according to the report.

In attempts to fend off the ongoing criticism, social media companies rolled out features aimed at giving parents more control over their children's online experience. This week, Meta said it would make accounts for teens younger than 18 private by default, stop sending notifications to minors during certain times and provide more parental controls. Snap, which held its annual conference Tuesday, said it was partnering with Common Sense Media to develop a program so families know more about potential online harms.

Lawmakers, including in California, have been trying to address data privacy and youth safety concerns by passing new laws. But they've also faced legal hurdles because of a section of federal law that shields online platforms from being held legally liable for user-generated content.

Meta and Snap declined to comment on the report. Meta is a member of the Interactive Advertising Bureau, which said in a blog post that the group was "disappointed" by the agency's characterization of the digital ad industry as one that engages in mass surveillance.

Discord, which allows users to communicate through text, video and voice calls, tried to distinguish itself from other social media platforms, noting that it doesn't encourage people to scroll endlessly by providing a running feed of comments.

"The FTC report's intent and focus on consumers is an important step. However, the report lumps very different models into one bucket and paints a broad brush, which might confuse consumers and portray some platforms, like Discord, inaccurately," Kate Sheerin, the head of U.S. and Canada public policy at Discord, said in an email.

The platform, which is popular among people who play games, also has shied away from running ads but started to run them this year.

Google, which owns YouTube, said in a statement that it had the "strictest privacy policies" and outlined several measures it takes to protect kids, including not allowing personalized ads for users younger than 18.

Other companies listed in the report didn't immediately respond to a request for comment.

The FTC noted that its findings have limitations because technology and a company's practices can change. The responses the FTC received from the companies reflected their practices from 2019 to 2020, according to the report.

The agency included recommendations for companies and urged Congress to enact a law that would protect user privacy and grant consumer data rights. Companies should take steps to minimize potential risks, the FTC said, such as only collecting data that is necessary, being more transparent about their practices and having better default protections for teens and young people.

"As policymakers consider different approaches to protecting the public, focusing on the root causes of many harms — and not just the symptoms — is key," the report said.

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