SAN JOSE, Calif. — The U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration has declined to approve the psychedelic drug MDMA as a therapy for PTSD, vanquishing any prospect that the controversial mind-altering drug, also known as Ecstasy or Molly, will be a legal part of modern medicine.

San Jose-based drugmaker Lykos Therapeutics said the FDA notified the company that the drug “could not be approved based on data submitted to date,” and requested an additional late-stage study, which could take several years and millions of dollars to conduct, according to The Associated Press. The drugmaker said it plans to ask the agency to reconsider.

In doing so, the agency sent a strong signal that it was exercising considerable caution in assessing the use of psychedelics for therapeutic uses. More applications are expected to be reviewed by the FDA in coming years.

In an earlier FDA evaluation, scientists wrote that patients who received MDMA and talk therapy showed “rapid, clinically meaningful, durable improvements in their PTSD symptoms.”

But they also called the research “challenging to interpret” because it’s difficult to know whether improvement came from the drug or talk therapy. They also raised several safety concerns, including MDMA’s heart risks and potential for abuse.

On Friday, FDA said that the drug application had “significant limitations” that “prevent the agency from concluding that the drug is safe and effective for the proposed indication.”

Research for the prescription capsule was conducted at the University of California, San Francisco and funded by venture capital — with patents, and profits, on the horizon. The effort had its start decades ago in a converted three-bedroom house on Santa Cruz’s Mission Street, rented by Rick Doblin and the nonprofit group Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, or MAPS.

If approved, MDMA-assisted therapy would have been the first novel treatment for PTSD, which occurs after exposure to a violent or traumatic event. Antidepressants are now the only approved drugs for PTSD. But fewer than 60% of patients respond to this approach, and only 20% to 30% of patients are cured, according to a 2009 article in the journal Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

“MDMA allows you to access these really deep traumatic memories in a way that is not anxiety-provoking,” Jennifer Mitchell, a UCSF neuroscientist who led the study being presented to the FDA, told The San Jose Mercury News in 2022.

Clinical trial participant retired Army Sgt. Jonathan Lubecky, 46, who lives in Washington, D.C., said MDMA tamed his symptoms. He suffered severe PTSD after a year in Iraq, regularly waking up from nightmares in a cold sweat.

The drug has long lingered in the shadows of counterculture and showed promise in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, when combined with talk therapy, in highly regulated studies, It’s not a classic hallucinogen like LSD; instead, it triggers feelings of intimacy, connection, and euphoria.

MDMA is currently classified by the Drug Enforcement Agency as a Schedule 1 drug, like heroin, with “no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.”

“The FDA request for another study is deeply disappointing,” Lykos CEO Amy Emerson said Friday in a statement. “Our heart breaks for the millions of military veterans, first responders, victims of sexual and domestic abuse and countless others suffering from PTSD who may now face more years without access to new treatment options.”

Additional psychedelics for therapeutic uses are expected to be reviewed by the FDA in coming years.

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