SAN FRANCISCO — On a recent Sunday on the far edge of the Outer Sunset, a cozy oceanfront neighborhood with rows of pastel bungalows, hundreds of people enjoyed a stretch of the iconic coastal road known as the Great Highway.

A dad taught his kid how to ride a bike. A young couple strolled with their baby in a bassinet. Two surfers hauled their boards toward the crashing Pacific waves.

A day later, the same swath of asphalt was covered with cars, transformed back into a commuter route for thousands of drivers who use the Great Highway to get to work, the airport, school or other parts of town.

This 2-mile stretch, known as the Upper Great Highway — which starts at the tip of Golden Gate Park and runs south along Ocean Beach — has become a political traffic jam in recent years, with locals clashing over how best to use the historic avenue as coastal erosion and sea level rise threaten its future.

The dispute reached a new fervor in last month's election, when the majority of San Francisco voters approved a controversial ballot measure to permanently close the Upper Great Highway to cars and convert it into a full-time park, instead of a weekend-only promenade. The measure, Proposition K, passed with nearly 55% of the vote.

The bulk of support came from voters on the city's east side, in neighborhoods closer to downtown and miles from the beach. Voters in the Sunset and Richmond districts, west side neighborhoods that will be most affected by the closure, overwhelmingly voted against the measure.

The stark division added to an ongoing — and very San Francisco — debate between so-called urbanists who want to see the city develop more green space and promote public transportation and those who rely on their cars and worry about traffic. It's also sparked tension between old-timers clinging to their neighborhood's middle-class roots and other city residents who embrace the coast as an urban oasis.

The fight could cost one local politician his job.

Soon after Proposition K passed, opponents organized a recall petition against Supervisor Joel Engardio, a Democrat elected in 2022 to represent the Sunset and other west side areas who helped get Proposition K on the ballot.

Recall organizers say Engardio abandoned the neighborhoods he represents by backing an initiative his constituents clearly didn't want.

"This recall is based on the fact that he just betrayed the district," said Vin Budhai, an Outer Sunset resident who campaigned against Proposition K and filed the recall petition.

Budhai said residents fear that closing the highway will push traffic into the neighborhood, polluting the air and making the sleepy streets unsafe. He worries about workers who either can't afford to work from home or don't have the option to bike or take public transit to their jobs.

"There's a conversation going around about how we should utilize our roads, but that conversation doesn't include the driver," he said.

The recall petitioners are waiting to be cleared to collect signatures to qualify for the ballot in a special election before 2026. If it's successful, Engardio would become the latest in a string of local politicians who have been removed from office in the last three years. In 2022, San Francisco voters recalled progressive District Attorney Chesa Boudin and three school board members over voter frustrations during the pandemic. In November, East Bay voters ousted two other progressives, Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao and Alameda County District Attorney Pamela Price.

Engardio said that he was "humbled" by the votes in his district against Proposition K and that he was dedicated to working with the opposition to address traffic and road safety concerns before the Upper Great Highway closes to cars, possibly by next spring.

But he also sees a unique opportunity to reimagine the historic highway in the face of climate change. Already, a southern extension of the Great Highway near the San Francisco Zoo is slated to close because of erosion and other environmental concerns. City officials estimate closing the Upper Great Highway to cars and rerouting traffic through other eastern roadways would add only three minutes to drive times.

"Do we keep it as a road with less utility? Or do we turn it into an ocean-side park that could have huge benefit to generations of people and the local economy and be good for the environment?" Engardio said. "This has the potential to be transformational, not just for the Sunset but for all of San Francisco."

Drama over the Upper Great Highway goes back to the pandemic, when city officials closed the road to cars as part of a broader effort to free up outdoor recreation space. In 2021, the city modified those rules to allow traffic during the week while reserving the road for pedestrians during weekends. The highway transitions into a park beginning at noon on Fridays and until 6 a.m. on Mondays.

In the November 2022 election, advocates frustrated with the anti-car rules organized a ballot measure to reopen the highway to vehicles full time. Voters rejected the measure, Proposition I, with more than 65% of the vote.

As a compromise after that election, the Board of Supervisors approved a three-year pilot program to keep the split use of the road. In June, Engardio and four other supervisors sponsored an ordinance to put Proposition K before voters, rather than having the 11-member board decide the highway's fate.

"I felt that it is better for everyone to have an equal vote and equal say on what to do with their coast, because the coast belongs to everyone," Engardio said.

Engardio said he had confidence that his district wanted a park. Many west side voters rejected the 2022 measure to reopen the road full time to cars, and a coalition of Outer Sunset residents campaigned for the weekend promenade and Proposition K.

"This idea came from Sunset residents. And I'm the Sunset supervisor," he said.

City officials recorded more than 420,000 weekend visits to the park in 2023, making it the third-most-visited park in the city, after Golden Gate Park and the Marina. A separate study from the city estimated up to 26,400 weekly visitors for a full-time pedestrian promenade. The San Francisco controller's office also estimates shutting down the road to cars could save the city up to $700,000 annually in sand removal and other maintenance issues that regularly close down the highway.

Supporters of Proposition K celebrated its passage as a unique opportunity to transform the road into a park accessible to all people, with paved portions for the elderly or disabled, and teeming with native plants and restored sand dunes. And they're adamant that local businesses and restaurants will benefit from the increased foot traffic.

"The temperature over the past few months on this issue has really overlooked the incredible positive opportunity that San Franciscans had," said Lucas Lux, an Outer Sunset resident and "Yes on K" campaign manager. "You've opened the coast to be enjoyed by more people as part of daily life in San Francisco."

Lux and other supporters of the new park hope it will eventually become as popular as the JFK promenade in Golden Gate Park. Voters in 2022 approved another measure to close it permanently to cars, and it has since become a favorite recreational road, now decorated with art installations, ping-pong tables, a piano and lawn chairs.

But bitterness still simmers through the west side.

Matt Boschetto, who ran unsuccessfully for supervisor representing the nearby Inner Sunset neighborhood, said he sees the closure of the Upper Great Highway as San Francisco abandoning working-class people.

"I'm not trying to silence urbanist views and people who want to see more open spaces and people who are concerned about the climate and concerned heavily about housing," he said. "But you also gotta respect the other view of San Francisco as well."

Boschetto ran a campaign committee against Proposition K that raised roughly $239,000, with at least $65,000 from Boschetto's family members. In comparison, a committee backing Proposition K raised more than $780,000, including $350,000 from Jeremy Stoppelman, co-founder and chief executive of Yelp.

"We did the best we could," Boschetto said. "I feel like maybe history might not be on our side, but morally I feel like it was a victory in a lot of ways. I think it's really mobilized the west side."

The California Coastal Commission this month voted to grant San Francisco's permit to make the road into a park. Opponents were disappointed but said they hope Mayor-elect Daniel Lurie, who takes office in early January and opposed Proposition K, slows implementation of the closure.

In a statement, Lurie said that he was "committed to respecting and upholding the will of the voters" and that his administration "will work hand in hand with residents on both sides to ensure that the measure is implemented thoughtfully."

As for Engardio, he said he is also dedicated to spending the next many months working with outraged voters to address road safety and traffic concerns. He said he respects the "democratic right" to organize a recall against him, but hopes that voters consider how he has worked on other issues important to the district during his time in office, including public safety and organizing popular night markets to support local businesses.

"At this point, I have to only look forward," he said. "I can't undo the past."

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